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Frederick Ward's interrogation

16/12/2011

Today’s post provides a link to an extremely important historical document: Frederick Ward’s 1857 interrogation which was conducted by a board of inquiry at Cockatoo Island in response to the claims made by his nephew, John Garbutt, regarding Ludwig Leichhardt.
    After pouring over all the original Thunderbolt material, I noticed that Fred had a speech idiosyncrasy. We all have idiosyncratic ways of saying things (for a writer it is part of their authorial voice and it was one of the ways they tracked and ultimately identified the Unibomber), and Fred had a distinctive way of commencing sentences – not always, of course, but often enough to become noticeable. Indeed, I had come to know it so well that when one newspaper article began its description of a robbery by saying that they were not sure if the robber was Thunderbolt or not, I said to myself that if the robber used Fred’s speech idiosyncrasy, I would know it was him. The robber did.
     See if you can identify it. Fred used it three times in his responses to the questions asked at his interrogation.

                   Go to Frederick Ward’s Interrogation on Cockatoo Island.

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Cockatoo Island riots

20/10/2011

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A book written for a major publisher like Allen & Unwin goes through many edit stages and sometimes the respective editor says “chapter too long: consider deleting this section”. I knew the copy-editor was right when she suggested deleting the following paragraphs from the long chapter dealing with the Cockatoo Island riots, but I did so with great regret. So I am delighted to be able to include the deleted section in this blog post.
     Those who have read Captain Thunderbolt and his Lady will know that Chapter 14 covered Fred’s return to Cockatoo Island in 1861 through to the riots in 1863. The following was originally included near the end of that chapter.
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How should we deal with the problem of prison discipline? asked the newspapers in Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne in the aftermath of the Cockatoo Island riots. Melbourne’s Argus reported that recent Irish attempts to rehabilitate prisoners were proving successful and should serve as a guide. Other suggestions were less enlightened. ‘The lash,’ was the most common. ‘Some weak-minded people pity the prisoners,’ wrote a Brisbane Courier correspondent, ‘and say that the desperation of their case ought to be some palliation, but flogging is the only resort in cases like these.’
     One Sydney Morning Herald letter-writer remarked that the government continued to ignore the maxim that prevention was better than cure. The study of phrenology* had determined that criminals had badly-shaped craniums, the correspondent reminded the Herald’s readers, and that their vicious propensities were evident by the age of seven. So the government should fund phrenologists to examine the heads of all seven year-olds and, if they found criminal propensities, the children should be smothered.
     ‘It might be somewhat difficult to carry into practice on account of angry parents and weeping mothers,’ the facetious correspondent added, ‘but it is not one whit more absurd than the theories now endeavouring to be carried out at Cockatoo.’

*Phrenology is the belief that skull configurations reflected mental acuities and character traits, and that these could be mapped and used to assess future behaviour.
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Great stuff, wasn't it. One of the joys of researching true stories is finding delightfully facetious remarks -- or those reflecting a biting wit. When researching another book I came across a Punch observation about capital punishment that I think of whenever I hear people advocating an eye-for-an-eye solution as a punishment for murderers:
                        "We hire the hangman to preach the sanctity of human life."

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Cockatoo Island

17/10/2011

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What really happened to Fred Ward on Cockatoo Island? What privations or punishments did he suffer that led him to take the drastic step of escaping from Cockatoo Island and becoming the legendary Captain Thunderbolt?
    Many claims have been made about his servitude there, particularly regarding his punishments. Some say that he received frequent and extended incarcerations in the solitary confinement cells. Some say that he was flogged. One book even suggests that he was raped!
    So what was Cockatoo Island really like?
    The nights were the worst. The men were locked up for twelve hours in five wards containing two tiers of bunks on either side of a central passage. Two wards had 88 bunks each while the other three had around 50 bunks each. The bunks were enclosed coffin-like tubes with openings only on the ends that faced the central passage, so the men had to crawl in on their hands and knees. The bunks were designed that way to prevent the “unnatural” activities that occurred in the dark when dozens of men were confined in one room.
     The ventilation was inadequate, comprising only four small windows in each ward, two on either side, made worse by the fact that the men were allowed to smoke in the wards. The men themselves stank. Bathing regulations were not enforced. Once a week the men were allowed to bathe in the seawater-filled dock, if they chose. Other than that, there were four or five tubs in the prisoners’ yard which were supposedly filled with clean water each day but in fact contained recycled kitchen water every so often. For the first few men to reach the tubs after they were filled, it wasn’t too dirty, but thereafter …! Some men never bathed.
     By far the worst stench came from the open tubs inside the wards that served as “necessaries” for the twelve hours the men were locked away. The stench was so bad that even the sentries remained as far from the windows as possible. They could often see faces at the windows gasping for fresh air, particularly on hot summer nights.
     The nights were made even more unbearable by the vermin. The bedding was never washed unless prisoners paid for it to be laundered. The wards were fumigated a few times a year, but this reduced the population of bed-lice and other bugs for only a couple of weeks. The men were shaved twice a week and their hair cropped but it didn’t eradicate the head lice. One witness told the Parliamentary committee that the men often looked more haggard in the morning than after a full day’s work.
     For five-and-half days a week the men worked hard at their duties yet their rations included only breakfast and dinner (the midday meal). After their day’s work ended, they had nothing to eat unless they had saved bread from a previous meal or used the money they earned by exceeding their work quota to purchase bread.
     It was a system designed to make the prisoners work hard, and they received indulgences if they did so. Every full day worked took that day plus another half-day off their sentence; that is, for six days of work they received nine days off their sentence. Those who continued to work hard and behave well were eligible for a ticket-of-leave, the colonial equivalent of a parole pass. However every day in the solitary confinement cells – the usual punishment for minor infractions – added another full day to their sentence. Effectively, each day in the cells (which meant they could not work) added two-and-a-half days to their sentence.
     That was the world of Cockatoo Island servitude during Fred Ward’s first stint there between 1856 and 1860 under what became known as the “Old Act” regulations. The system worked. The “Old Act” men rarely attempted to escape from the island because they had a legal way of reducing their sentences.
    When Fred Ward returned in 1861, however, he was a “New Act” man. The “New Act” regulations came into force for those convicted from 1 July 1858 onwards. They abolished the ticket-of-leave system. With no “rewards” available for hard work and good behaviour, Fred took his future into his own hands … !

   For detailed information about Fred's punishments, see What punishments did Fred Ward receive on Cockatoo Island? Other references to his servitude are found in Timelines: 1835-1863

Sources:
Anyone interested in a detailed description of the conditions on Cockatoo Island can read the reports from the Parliamentary Committees of Inquiry in 1858 (Report from the Board of Inquiry into the management of Cockatoo Island, 1858, New South Wales Legislative Council, 1858 [ML Q365.99441/2]), and 1861 (‘Minutes of Evidence taken before the Select Committee on the Public Prisons in Sydney and Cumberland’ in Votes & Proceedings of the NSW Legislative Assembly, 1861, Vol.1, pp.1063-1310), and 1863 (‘Penal Establishments’ in Votes & Proceedings of the NSW Legislative Assembly, 1863-64, Vol.2, pp.919-20). UnfNo one has yet written about the Cockatoo Island penal establishment in any depth.

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